Periodontal surgical therapy has identical goals as non-surgical therapy. Periodontal surgery may be indicated when periodontal conditions remained unsolved after non-surgical therapy or when more advanced/aggressive diseases require surgical approach. Sometimes, surgical therapy may also be called for to facilitate restorative or orthodontic works in multidisciplinary cases.
 
Hard/bone tissue (osseous) therapy:
There are two primary treatment modalities in this category:

1. Regenerative therapy is designed to biologically restitute the architecture and function of lost tissue. Several techniques utilizing a variety of bio-active or bio-compatible materials can be employed to achieve the goals of periodontal regeneration.
2. Resective osseous surgery is aimed to eliminate deeper damaged/infected tissue or anatomic defects and re-establish clean and smooth positive-contoured supporting bone. Clinical crown lengthening is basically a resective osseous procedure but especially implemented to facilitate restorative plan and/or to improve cosmetic profile.

Soft tissue therapy:

1. Soft tissue graft for gingival regeneration or enhancement for therapeutic, restorative or esthetic reasons. A number of different approaches are available for different occasions or purposes.
2. Gingivectomy and gingivoplasty

Tissue Biopsy:
         Oral hard or soft tissue biopsy for pathologic diagnosis.